Abstract:To study the effect of Fe₂(SO₄)₃ as flocculant on microbial activity of activated sludge, Fe₂(SO₄)₃ in dosages of 20,40,60,80,100 mg·L-1 was dropped into ASS and four hours latter DHA, R_SOU and EPS content were examined as well as COD et al. The results showed that DHA, R_SOU and EPS content were insensitive to Fe₂(SO₄)₃ in range of 20-60 mg·L-1, and the removal rates of COD, TP and UV₂₅₄ in effluent increased greatly with the concentration of Fe₂(SO₄)₃increased. When the concentration of Fe₂(SO₄)₃ was 80 mg·L-1, DHA, R_SOU and EPS content decreased distinctly. When the concentration of Fe₂(SO₄)₃ was 100 mg·L-1, DHA and R_SOUwere inhibited further, whereas total EPS content increased greatly. Meanwhile the removal rates of COD, TP and UV₂₅₄ in effluent increased slowly, and the removal rates of SCOD and NH₃-N tended to decline.

Abstract:To characterize the microbial community in anaerobic ammonia oxidation (ANAMMOX) biofilter and to apply this technology, techniques of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), cloning and sequencing were utilized to study the community structures in two up-flow ANAMMOX biofilters, which were operated stably at low temperature (150-165 ℃). The results of SEM showed that the filamentous bacteria were just found within ceramic packing B1 biofilter. Spherical bacteria had more densely distribution in volcanic packing B2 biofilter than that in B1 biofilter. Bacterial DGGE results showed that there were some differences between B1 and B2 microbial species and the population similarity was 681％, and B2 reactor had higher bacteria richness. However, the type of anammox bacteria existence in two reactors was the same. The sequences of bacteria and ANAMMOX 16S rRNA identification revealed that Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis occurred in two ANAMMOX bioreactors. It was helpful to apply ANAMMOX technology at low temperature (150-165 ℃) through Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis enrichment, with the form of biofilter reactor filled with volcanic rocks.

Abstract:The aerobic granules (AGS) were difficult to cultivate and the degradation kinetics of AGS at low temperature were seldom investigated, which greatly limited the development and application of AGS. In this study, AGS possessed better settling property and higher biomass after cultivation by sodium acetate for 25 d, furthermore, AGS formation time significantly decreased for 48 d at 10 ℃ in a sequencing batch airlift reactor (SBAR) and AGS possessed better simultaneously COD, NH₄+-N and PO₄3--P removal efficiency at low temperature, and the respective removal efficiencies were 845％, 911％ and 941％. Compared with the conventional cultivation of AGS, the content of total protein was as high as 1061 mg／g and the total proteins／total polysaccharides (m(PN)／m(PS)) ratio was 157, which meant that the relative high protein content was an essential feature for AGS formation. The adsorption of organic substances by AGS was higher than that of floc sludge because of the higher contents of EPS, more channels for mass and oxygen transfer as well as the greater specific surface area of AGS. The experimental data indicated that the substances degradation kinetics generally followed Monod equation, the corresponding kinetic coefficient of k and Ks were 549 d-1 and 4 760 mg／L, respectively. The degradation rate of substances was obviously influenced by the mass transfer efficiency between liquid phase and AGS.

Abstract:Pilot-scale and bench-scale studies were performed to investigate the influence of aeration on hybrid PAC／UF process, in terms of pollutants removal and membrane fouling. The results showed that, compared with intermittent aeration, PAC／UF process had a better organic matter removal under continuous aeration condition. PAC could relieve the membrane fouling, and the function could be improved by the utilization of continuous aeration. Increasing aeration rate could relieve membrane fouling either. While intermittent aeration could save energy about 0221 kW·h／m³. Taking all factors into consideration, intermittent aeration was economical and reasonable for hybrid PAC／UF process.

Abstract:Extraction of metagenomic DNA from environmental sample was the main restrictive factor for the metagenomic sequencing. Three different extraction methods were used and compared in this study. The results indicated that the metagenomic DNA obtained from the activated sludge by Liquid Nitrogen Grinding+DNA Extraction Kit was the best sample due to the largest information and best quality, and D（260／280 nm） was between 169-172. During the sample preparation for the next generation sequencing, D（260／280 nm） of the metagenomic DNA reached to 183 after purification, which met the requirement of library construction. After the sequencing by Solexa Genome Analyzer System, the results showed that the forward sequencing of these two samples was successful, and the high quality data was about 908％, which could be used for assemble.

Abstract:To improve demulsifying property, the original biodemulsifier-producing bacterium, Bacillus mojavensis XH1, was mutated and bred by the combined treatment method using UV irradiation and nitrosoguanidine (NTG). A high efficient biodemulsifier-producing mutant XN5 with the better stability was obtained after continuous passages. The optimal cultural conditions were as follows: the mixture of 10 g／L glucose and 4 ％ liquid paraffin is the carbon source, the mixture of 40 g／L NH₄Cl and 10 g／L yeast extract is nitrogen source, pH=65, the rotating rate is 140 r／min and the incubated time is 24 h. The 12 h and 24 h demulsification ratios of the mutant XN5 were 9417％ and 9867％, which were 6481％ and 1512％ higher than that of the original strain XH1, respectively.

Abstract:To investigate the residues and pollution sources of DDT and HCH in the Xiao Qing River sewage irrigated wetland and study the distribution of pollutants (DDT and HCH) along the vertical soil profile, soil samples were pretreated by Soxhlet extraction and silica gel purification, and the HCH and DDT content were analyzed by GC-MS. The results show that the concentrations of ΣHCHs and ΣDDTs in the soils range from ND-0225 μg／kg and ND-1204 μg／kg respectively, with the mean concentrations of 0042 μg／kg and 0204 μg／kg. The concentrations of DDTs and HCHs are below the national soil environmental quality standards (GB 15618—1995), which are at a low residue levels. The HCH residues in wetlands without irrigation are caused mainly by historical pesticide using and there is few pollutions generated recently. DDT contamination of wetlands exists mainly in the form of DDE, that is due to historical pesticide using. Sewage irrigation reduced soil residues of DDT and HCH, with average reduction rate of 6716％ and 78％. The HCH residues are higher than DDT residues at the same point. The DDT contents drop sharply along the soil profiles, and the HCH contents change irregularly along the soil profiles.

Abstract:With different fertilization, the photosynthetic rate of rice was measured, then the distribution and yield components were analyzed to investigate the influences of single mycorrhizal fertilizer and the mycorrhizal fertilizer mixed chemical fertilizer on rice yield. The results showed that: 1) The usage of single mycorrhizal fertilizer increased the storage capacity and the photosynthetic rate of rice, making rice yield increase by 2927％, while there was no difference in distribution of dry matters. 2) The photosynthetic rate of rice was improved by the mycorrhizal nitrogen fertilizer, moreover， the proportion of dry matter to the rice seeds raised, and rice yield increased by 4137％. 3) The photosynthetic rate of rice was enhanced by the mycorrhizal phosphate fertilizer and the mycorrhizal nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer; there was no difference in distribution of rice dry matter; the rice yield increased by 1910％ and 1748％, respectively. The usage of single mycorrhizal fertilizer and the mycorrhizal nitrogen fertilizer can effectively improve the rice yield, but it needs further research to touch the effectiveness of the other fertilizer-modes.

Abstract:To improve the reliability and accuracy of the leak localization with traditional correlator, and to make the result be verified timely, a new method of leak localization with three sensors based on multi-scale analysis is proposed. The third sensor was added to form a three sensors model in this method, and then the correlation value for time delay was calculated in every sub-band through multi-scale decomposition for signals from three sensors. According to the matching relation among these three sensors, the optimal results could be obtained which showed that this method could not only calculate speed by itself but also make the leak localization more precise.

Abstract:In this paper, typical coal resource-based cities at northern China were chosen to study the health risk assessment of coking industry, air pollution to residents. The results show that the industrial coking within the precincts of the individual genes in the risk of toxic substances is larger than the maximum acceptable level, and the toxic values of industrial sites in areas outside the 1 km individual genetic risk are within the maximum acceptable level, which has not a significant impact on human health. In this study, the average annual individual risk values of body toxic at 6 sensitive points are much smaller than the maximum acceptable level that will not have much impact on human health. There are some differences in the toxic substances at each point, and the main toxic substance is hydrogen sulfide.

Abstract:To solve the problem of that the construction process for original buildings story-adding prevents its usual work, taking Harbin Nangang Hall as demonstration, the adding project of huge frame including main frame around old buildings and sub frame is studied. The vertical load is transmitted from sub frame to main frame by the davit. The main frame is composed by prestressed concrete beams with encased H-steel and angle-steel concrete columns, and the sub frame is composed by encased steel beams hanging and encased steel columns over the huge frame. Design and construction methods of self-supporting concrete structure are presented to ensure that original building works as usual during the construction.

Abstract:To predict failure pattern of masonry wall panel more precisely, this paper improved the discrete series cellular automata (CA) model of masonry wall panels, and put forward two new methods for calculating state values in the CA model. One was the physical CA model based on the finite element analysis of masonry wall panels, the other is the analytical CA model based on the propagating appearance of boundary effect to zones within masonry wall panels. Both new models were verified by examples. The concept of relative variation coefficient was proposed and applied to the discrete series CA model and the analytical CA model. By discussion of the application range of the relative variation parameter, a fundamental technique was presented to predict a serious possible failure pattern of a new masonry wall panel on the base of only one experimental masonry wall panel. Experimental results verified the validity of the method proposed in this paper.

Abstract:The adverse factors such as damper position and damper, stiffness, and couple movement et al. are not avoidable in existing bridge cable mitigation models.In this study,A stay cable with a Tuned mass damper (TMD) installed is proposed for vibrate reduction. Damping properties in the free vibration of the system were extracted by complex-mode analysis technique. Explicit analytical approximation was obtained by numerical method. Result shows that the proposed TMD system damping stay cables vibration strategy could effectively overcome the common position limitations of idealized damper. The new optimization method taking account a thorough effect of the TMD system stiffness, mass, damping and other parameters on the damping ratio of modal parameters in cable vibrating reduction model.Hence the new model matches well with the actual occurrence in bridge engineering.

Abstract:To analyze the feasibility of turbulent drag-reducing technique, and explore the relationship between drag reduction and solution temperature, concentration and flow Reynolds number and the characteristics of resisting the shear, cetyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (CTAC) aqueous solution have been investigated experimentally in this paper. The experimental results show that CTAC aqueous solution has strong ability of resisting the shear, and the drag-reducing effect of CTAC aqueous solution disappears when the solution temperature reaches 70 ℃. The experimental results will provide the important reference value and instruction meaning for the application of CTAC aqueous solution in a district heating／cooling (DHC) system, especially in the radiant floor heating (RFH) system.

Abstract:The experiments were carried out to test the effect of air temperature and humidity on a novel PCM based reversed-cycle defrosting for air source heat pump(ASHP), and the results showed that PCM based reversed-cycle defrosting method could keep the suction pressure of compressor higher than 035 MPa,which was father higher than the system’s low suction protection pressure. The system’s defrosting time and energy consumption increased with the relative humidity when air temperature was kept constant. Furthermore, the system’s defrosting time and energy consumption increased first and then decreased with the decrease of air temperature, and the most defrosting time and energy were consumed when the outdoor air temperature was -3 ℃. It could be concluded that the air temperature and humidity affected the defrosting process greatly and the system’s reliability was improved greatly because shutting down of ASHP unit due to low suction pressure protection during defrosting could be effectively avoided by the PCM based heat exchanger, and -3 ℃ working condition could be selected as the most adverse design condition for the PCM based heat exchanger when the relative humidity was constant because the most defrosting time and energy were needed.

Abstract:Carbon-crystal panel (CCP), a new style floor electric heating system with characteristic of cleanliness and easily-regulation, is being applied more and more in civil heating field in our country. With the methodology combining experimental test and simulation research, the transient heating process of the standard experiment room installed with CCP system was analyzed in detail. The 24-hour temperature control process was simulated in some room in Beijing, and a reasonable scheme of temperature control was put forward, which provided a technical support for the energy-saving operation of this new kind electric heating system.

Abstract:Chinese rural residence in severe cold regions uses local type heating in winter. Heating period is six months and the energy consumption of heating is huge. In order to raise the controlling index about shape coefficient of energy efficiency in the "design standard for energy efficiency of rural residence", the paper measured 57 rural residences in severe cold regions and got the shape coefficient by mathematical analysis. The control range of different factors on reducing shape coefficient according to Plane form, Profile form, acreage, length of building depth group, and slope of roof, which affect the shape coefficient of rural residence in severe cold regions were presented. The shape coefficient can be got according to the floor quantity. The shape coefficient of one-layer residence should be less than 0.75, and that of two-layer residence should be less than 0.59.

Abstract:For the purpose of researching on diesel bus emission, finding out the relationship between oil consumption and emission, and establishing a diesel bus emission model, this paper first studies the diesel truck emission model using CMEM (comprehensive modal emissions model) in foreign countries, then compares the difference between diesel buses in China and standard diesel trucks in CMEM. Some parameters of the model, like speed, acceleration, quality, transmission efficiency and so on are revised, and then the calculating formula which is suitable for diesel buses emissions in China is obtained. It shows that the data calculated by the modified model fits the test data in Harbin city well.

Abstract:To prepare high-viscosity asphalt for drainage asphalt pavement in China, the effect of TPS contents and kinds of base asphalt on the properties of modified asphalt was investigated by tests in laboratory. The 60 ℃ dynamic viscosity is an important parameter for high-viscosity modified asphalt. The results indicate that strong correlations exist between the chemical composition of base asphalt and the properties of TPS modified asphalt. The viscosity of modified asphalt at 60 ℃ increases with the increasing of asphaltine content of base asphalt at same contents of TPS. When the TPS content is between 14％-16％, it has significant influence on viscosity of modified asphalt at 60 ℃, the viscosity increases rapidly, and can reach to specifications for high-viscosity modified asphalt. The temperature sensibility of the asphalt modified by TPS is decreased obviously, and the high-temperature stability, cracking resistance at low temperature and elastic recovery are all increased.

Abstract:To change the situation in fog area of china that the coordination between managements is poor and the efficiency of emergency rescue is low in fog weather, this paper builds up a Highway Emergency Command System by summarizing the national and foreign disposal strategies of fog road transportation safety, which can assist the road maintenance department, emergency management and traffic management to carry out the scientific decision-making. It also analyzes the traffic measures for road maintenance personnel, emergency management personnel, traffic management and traffic participants from the points of fog monitoring and evaluation, fog driving environmental improvement, the dissipation of fog, traffic evacuation of fog weather, traffic control of fog weather, traffic guidance and information dissemination of fog weather and so on, gets a guarantee system of fog transportation safety, has a guiding role to perfect our country's road transportation safety management in foggy environment.

Abstract:A polymorphism of α-lactalbumin gene LAA exon Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, and IV has been identified by PCR-single strand conformation polymorphism protocol to reveal the distribution of diversity of α-lactalbumin in Maiwa yak at the molecular level. The sequences corresponding to the coding region of α-lactalbumin gene were used for phylogenetic analysis to establish the phylogenetic relationship of LAA variants in the Bos genus. Experimental results indicated that most yak milks were with hybrid genotype in exon Ⅰof α-lactalbumin. A new variant had been identified in Maiwa yak breed by resquencing analysis and entered into GenBank with accession number JN084189. The phylogenetic analysis presented α-lactalbumin evolution consistent with species at a degree.

Abstract:The aim of this study is to analyze the major allergens in yak milk. The Balb／C mice were sensitized by intraperitoneal injection with yak milk protein. After the last sensitization, blood was collected through the eyes for antibodies and histamine determinations. The lymphocytes derived from spleens were cultured under sterile condition. The major allergens in yak milk were analyzed using western-blotting. The results showed the major allergens in yak milk were β-lactoglobulin, α-casein, and β-casein, and the allergenous extent was β-lactoglobulin>α-casen>β-casein. The higher content of IL-4, IL-5 and lower IFN-γ produced by the spleen lymphocyte proliferation indicated that the yak milk protein was the Th2 response.

Abstract:To analyze the effect of cream on food and dairy flavoring flavor, the volatile compounds in cream were determined in this paper under the best conditions of PDMS-DVB extraction fiber and corresponding program. The detecting results showed that 21 kinds of flavour compounds were identified as follows: five kinds of alkane, one kind of thioether, five kinds of free fatty acids, four kinds of methyl ketone, one kind of actone, one kind of alcohol, four kinds of boron heterocycles and other substance. These substances can give food flavor, or as precursors of other flavor.

Abstract:In order to research the Zn-polyaniline secondary battery life cycle impact factors, the five factors of influence on the cyclic life for Zn-PANi secondary batteries have been investigated electrochemically, which include materials degradation of the positive electrode due to overcharge, passivation of the negative electrode, dendrite formation, corrosion of the current collector and drying up of the electrolyte. The test results indicate that the main influence factor is the short-circuit aroused by the dendrite formation on the negative electrode, which enable the battery to have the life of only 70 cycles. Secondly, the degradation of positive electrode by over charge causes the self-discharge of battery, which reduces the battery cycle life significantly. In addition, the drying up of electrolyte, the passivation of the negative electrode and the choice of the current collector, all these bring about influences to the cycle life of battery to a certain extent.

Abstract:In order to research the effects of pH values on the electrochemical performance of Zn-doped nano-scale Ni(OH)₂, the nano-scale Ni(OH)₂ doped with Zn was prepared by precipitate transformation method at different pH, and characterized by XRD and TEM. The electrochemical performance was investigated by voltammetry (CV) and constant current technology. The measurement results indicate that the material prepared under pH=10 is a kind of α-type nano-scale Ni(OH)₂, and with the increase of pH, the material becomes the mixture of α-Ni(OH)₂ and β-Ni(OH)₂, and the agglomeration of particles becomes obvious. pH exerts a great influence on the electrochemical performance of materials. With the increase of pH, the diffusion coefficient of materials becomes bigger. Compared with the material prepared at pH=10, the material prepared at pH=12 shows better discharge performance, its discharge specific capacity of 02C and 3C were enhanced by 20％ and 27％ respectively.

Abstract:To prevent brittle fractures in thick plate steel structures, the fracture toughness of butt welded joints fabricated from 150 mm thick Q345B steel plates were tested at low temperature by three-point bending specimens and crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) was applied as a fracture toughness index. The relationships between fracture toughness CTOD δm and temperature for weld metal and heat affected zone (HAZ) were analyzed through Boltzmann curve fitting from toughness versus temperature data. Furthermore, the fracture mechanism of the tested specimens were investigated with scanning electron micrographs. The test results indicated that the fracture toughness CTOD values δm for weld metal and HAZ reduced as the temperature decreased. From 20 ℃ to -60 ℃, the CTOD values δm for weld metal and HAZ reduced by 78% and 91%, respectively. Compared to the base metal and weld metal, the CTOD values δm for HAZ were much lower. In this study, rich experimental data were collected for fracture toughness of thick plate butt weld, so as to form the technical basis for preventing brittle fracture of thick plate steel structures in cold regions.

Abstract:In order to study the compression-flexural performance of steel tube filled with steel-reinforced high-strength concrete (STSRHC) members , the compression-flexural behavior of I shape of STSRHC were studied by experimental research and non-linear full-range compute program. The parameters in the study include the ration of axial compression (n=05-085) and different loading direction of steel-reinforce (major axis and minor axis). The results showed that the typical curve of load-deflection have elastic, elastic-plastic and failure three stages. Bearing capacity of composite column decrease with the increase of axial compression ratio, and increase with the moment of inertia nonlinear increase. The peak deflection isn’t different with the axial compression ratio and loading direction. The composite member is up to plane section assumption; The deflection of member is up to sine curve. The non-linear compute program by fiber model goes well with the experimental result, and axial compression ratio, slender ratio and strength of concrete are studied on the full-range of load-deflection.

Abstract:To simulate the effects of cement's particle size distribution on the adiabatic temperature rise of concrete, a hydration model based on hydration depth was built. In this model, the hydration process of cement in concrete was assumed to be controlled by the hydration depth, which was independent of cement particle size; Based on the experimental results of isothermal hydration heat of cement, the maximum hydration depth was deduced; The effects of temperature on the hydration process was assumed to be simulated by the Arrhenius law. The reference hydration rate curve was derived from the adiabatic temperature rises of concrete at three different casting temperatures, which were examined by the adiabatic temperature rise equipment. At last, the model was applied to simulate the adiabatic temperature rise of concrete in the experiments. The results show that the hydration model based on the hydration depth can simulate the effects of cement's particle size distribution and casting temperature on the adiabatic temperature rise of concrete with satisfactory accuracy.

Abstract:Wind-gravity coupling effect(WGCE)is horizontal deformation that is caused by wind and enlarged by gravity. In order to analyze WGCE of extra-high building structure, the model of structure was established and derivation of dynamic equations was presented in the paper. WGCE coefficients of structure frequency, wind fluttering factor and response of structure were calculated and analyzed. The result shows that natural period of vibration becomes longer and wind vibration factor decreases as WGCE is taken into account in the calculation. WGCE will become evident if gravity-rigidity ratio, bending-shearing ratio and taper of tall building structure increase. It is suggested to take into account WGCE when calculating the structure of extra-high building with large gravity-rigidity ratio and complex sharp.

Abstract:In order to research the wind effects on large cooling towers, one project under construction in India is taken as an example to illustrate the wind tunnel tests and structural analysis of the large cooling towers systematically. The wind tunnel tests mainly include simulation of Reynolds number effect for single cooling tower model, force balance wind tunnel tests of rigid models by 1∶[KG-*2]500, and external pressure wind tunnel tests of rigid models by 1∶[KG-*2]200. The structural analysis mainly includes finite element analysis on piles, diagonal columns, and shells of the cooling tower, global and local stability analysis, and stability analysis during construction period. Some useful conclusions are given which can be references in the design of other similar cooling towers.

Abstract:To clear the best limiting speed strategy in urban expressway ramp merging area, based on the principle of limiting speed on ramp merging area, the effects of speed distribution, relationship between volume and speed, speed distribution in various lane position, vehicle type and lane width on the appropriate speed of ramp vehicles were studied by actual measured data of expressway and mathematical statistics. The result shows that the speed from inside to outside is decreased, and mainly affected by the traffic flow. Traffic speed characteristics are different between ramp merging area and basic road section, and different speed limit strategy should be formulated, the value should be determined according to the location of lanes, lane width and traffic situation integrated.