严寒环境下的人体冷耐受特性实验

Cold tolerance characteristics of human body in severely cold environments

摘要:

第24届冬季奥运会将于2022年2月在中国举行,主会场设在河北省崇礼地区。比赛期间,当地室外日平均气温大约为-17 ℃~-2 ℃。为有效提高户外观赛者热舒适感及观赛体验,把握户外观赛者人体冷耐受特性非常重要。为此,本研究利用北京地区某商业冷库的-14 ℃~-16 ℃人工环境条件,基于北京8名高校学生（4男,4女）开展了人体冷耐受实验,重点研究人体各部位的热反应特征、冷耐受极限时间、以及人体不可忍受时的生理极限阈值等问题。研究结果表明:受试者在-14 ℃~-16 ℃冷暴露环境、且服装热阻约为2.1 clo的实验条件下,手指、脚趾的皮肤温度下降速率最快、冷感最强烈,躯干及四肢部位的皮肤温度下降速率相对较慢、冷感相对较弱；手暴露与手插兜工况下,平均可持续停留时长分别为51、67 min,影响受试者热感觉以及持续停留时间长短的关键因素分别为手指与脚趾皮肤温度,生理极限阈值均值分别为11 ℃、16 ℃,且男女之间无显著性差异（P＞0.05）。研究结果可为严寒环境下人体冷耐受特性及其改善人体热舒适性的局部供暖方法研究,提供基础数据参考。

Abstract:

The 24th Winter Olympic Games will be held in China in February 2022. The main venue is located in Chongli, Hebei Province. The outdoor daily average temperature during the competition is estimated to be-17 ℃－-2 ℃. To effectively improve the thermal comfort and viewing experience of outdoor audiences, the analysis of the cold tolerance characteristics of outdoor audiences is very important. In this study, eight subjects (four males and four females) from a university in Beijing participated in the cold tolerance experiment. The thermal response characteristics of different parts of the human body, the maximum permissible time, and the physiological limit thresholds of the subjects under cold exposure conditions (-14 ℃－-16 ℃) were investigated in a commercial cold store in Beijing. Results show that when the subject was exposed to a cold environment of -14 ℃ to -16 ℃ and the thermal insulation of the clothing ensembles was 2.1 clo, the skin temperature of the fingers and toes had the highest rate of decline and the cold sensation was the strongest; the skin temperature of trunk and limbs decreased less, and the cold sensation was weaker. Under the conditions of hand exposure and hands in pockets, the average maximum permissible time was 51 min and 67 min respectively. The key factors affecting the thermal sensation and permissible time of the subjects were the skin temperature of the fingers and toes, with the average tolerance of human body in extreme cold environments and the construction of corresponding local thermal physiological limit thresholds of 11℃ and 16 ℃ respectively, and no significant difference was found between male and female (P＞0.05). This study can provide basic data reference for the research on the coldcomfort environment.